h antigen การใช้

• This results in H antigen remaining unchanged in case of O groups.
• A person with B blood type will have the B and H antigen present.
• A person with AB blood type will have A, B, and H antigens present.
• And finally, a person with O blood type will only have the H antigen present.
• There are over 170 O antigens, over 100 K antigens and over 50 H antigens.
• Underlying these behaviors are the somatic O and flagellar H antigens, so named based on Kauffman White classification.
• The H antigen ( which indicates an O blood type ) serves as a precursor for the A and B antigen.
• Affected individuals have no H antigens on their red cells, hence are neither of the three of ABO blood groups.
• The oligosaccharides found on the A, B, and H antigen occur on the non-reducing ends of the oligosaccharide.
• Le ( b ) and type 1 H antigens are also receptors for Norwalk virus ( common cause of acute gastroenteritis ).
• The enzyme coded for by " I A " adds an N-acetylgalactosamine to the membrane-bound H antigen.
• This means all blood types have the H antigen, which explains why the O blood type is known as the " universal donor ".
• The A allele produces ?1, 3-N-acetylgalactosamine transferase ( A-transferase ), which catalyzes the transfer of GalNAc H antigen.
• Therefore, a person with A blood type will have the A antigen and H antigen present on the glycolipids of the red blood cell plasma membrane.
• Hence, when we refer to pathogenic strain O157 : H7, it means that this E . coli has O antigen 157 and H antigen 7.
• Some individuals with the blood group A1 may also be able to produce anti-H antibodies due to the complete conversion of all the H antigen to A1 antigen.
• The B allele encodes 1-3-galactosyltransferase that joins ?-D-galactose bonded to D-galactose end of H antigen, creating the B antigen.
• The B allele encodes a " glycosyltransferase " that bonds ?-D-galactose to the D-galactose end of the H antigen, creating the B antigen.
• Therefore, people with readily detectable Lewis a antigen are non-secretors, i . e . do not secrete A, B or H antigens, while Lewis b antigen is found only in secretors.
• One exception is individuals with hh antigen system ( also known as the Bombay phenotype ) who can only receive blood safely from other hh donors, because they form antibodies against the H antigen present on all red blood cells.